Evaluation of Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Infrastructure in Public Secondary Schools in Sokoto Metropolis

Abstract

This study investigated the adequacy and inclusivity of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) facilities in public secondary schools (PSS) within Sokoto Metropolis, Nigeria. The motivation behind this research is to address the critical need for equitable and functional WASH services in schools, which are essential for promoting health, hygiene, and overall well-being among students. This study aims to assess the availability, accessibility, and condition of WASH infrastructure, with particular attention to how these services cater to the needs of all students, including those with disabilities. A cross-sectional survey design was employed, collecting data from all 88 PSSs in the metropolis. The research utilized a mixed-method approach, incorporating direct observation checklists, structured questionnaires administered to school principals, and secondary data analysis to provide a comprehensive evaluation. Findings reveal significant disparities in water service levels, with only 31% of schools meeting basic service standards while 70% fall under limited service due to inconsistent water supply, disproportionately affecting boys’ boarding and mixed schools. Sanitation facilities are similarly inadequate, as 45.5% of schools rely on unimproved pit latrines, with merely 26.1% of toilets being operational. The situation is especially concerning for students with disabilities, who remain underserved by current facilities. Additionally, 36.4% of schools lack handwashing stations, and 48.9% rely on open disposal methods for wastewater, posing severe public health risks. The study concludes that WASH infrastructure in these schools is largely insufficient, with broad implications for student health and well-being. The results underscore the urgent need for targeted interventions to upgrade WASH facilities, highlighting the importance of inclusive infrastructure that accommodates the diverse needs of all students. The findings have practical applications for policymakers and stakeholders aiming to enhance school environments and promote better health outcomes through improved WASH services.