Investigating the impact of soil properties, design errors, and construction defects on foundation failure in residential buildings

Abstract

Foundation failure in residential buildings is a critical issue that often leads to structural instability, economic loss, and, in extreme cases, collapse. This research investigates the impact of three key factors: soil properties, design errors, and construction defects on foundation failure. The study identifies soil properties such as cohesion, internal friction angle, and bearing capacity, as well as foundation settlement, as primary contributors to instability. Design errors, including improper load calculations and inadequate foundation dimensions, further exacerbate these risks, while construction defects and environmental conditions play a secondary yet important role. The methodology adopted involves a comprehensive analysis of design parameters, soil characteristics, and construction practices. This includes the use of Terzaghi’s bearing capacity theory, settlement equations, and risk analysis to evaluate the relative impact and risks associated with each factor. Visualizations such as pie charts, line charts, and stacked bar graphs are used to represent the distribution of impact, risk trends, and safety margins across the studied parameters. Results indicate that soil properties and foundation settlement are the most significant contributors to foundation failure, with high-risk levels and minimal safety margins. Design parameters and loading conditions also pose considerable risks, particularly when design errors lead to misaligned structural loads. Construction defects and environmental factors are less critical but still affect long-term foundation durability. The findings underscore the necessity of thorough geotechnical investigations, precise settlement predictions, and robust design practices to mitigate the risks of foundation failure. By addressing the most critical factors i.e. soil properties and settlement, this research provides a framework for improving foundation stability and ensuring the longevity of residential structures.